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1920 Revolution Brigades

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Not to be confused with Saraya Thawrat al-Eshreen al-Thaniya[1]

1920 Revolution Brigades
كتائب ثورة العشرين
LeadersHarith Zahir Khamis al-Dhari †
Dates of operation2003–2007
HeadquartersAl Anbar Province
Active regionsAl Anbar Province
IdeologyIraqi nationalism
Sunni Islamism
SloganA Victory from Allah and an Imminent Liberation
Opponents Coalition
 Iraq
 United States
 Israel
Islamic State of Iraq
Kata'ib Hezbollah[2]
Battles and wars

The 1920 Revolution Brigades (Arabic: كتائب ثورة العشرين, romanized: Kitā'ib Thawrat al-ʿIshrīn) was a Sunni militant and insurgent group in Iraq, formed by former members of the disbanded Saddam-era Iraqi military, following the 2003 American invasion of Iraq. The group had used improvised explosive devices, and armed attacks against U.S.-led Coalition forces and comprises the military wing of the Islamic Resistance Movement. The group was named in reference to the Iraqi revolt of 1920.

Allegiances

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A U.S. military spokesman states that the "concerned local nationals" group is now aligned with U.S. forces,[3] while the Brigades denied this in a posting on its web site: "We say to … the occupation and to your followers and agents that you made a very big lie" in linking the group with the Diyala anti-al Qaeda campaign.[4] The group maintains that the "Iraqi Hamas" organization, which consisted of members who left the Brigades before the Diyala operation, were the ones involved in the operation.[5][6] Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has feared such U.S.-armed 'concerned local citizens' are an armed Sunni opposition in the making, and has argued that such groups should be under the command of the Iraqi Army or police.[7]

Activities

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The 1920 Revolution Brigades describes its aim as to establish a liberated and independent Iraqi state on an Islamic basis. It has been active in the Sunni area west of Baghdad, in the regions of Abu Ghraib, Khan Dari and Fallujah and in the governorates of Nineveh, Diyala and al-Anbar.[8] The name of the group (Literal Translation: "Brigades of the Revolution of the Twenty") refers to the Iraqi revolt of 1920 against the British, drawing an implicit parallel between the nationalist movement against Britain with the Iraqi guerrillas fighting against coalition forces in the 21st century. They are the military wing of the Islamic Resistance Movement. The logo of the group is a map of Iraq, with a Quran on top of it, and the verse "Help from Allah, and an imminent victory". In the middle there is a mirrored symbol of an AK-47, with an Iraqi flag attached to it. Between the gun and the flag, a small print says "Islamic Resistance movement", and below, a larger print reads "Brigades of the 20th Revolution."

History

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Former emblems of the 1920 Revolution Brigade, showing the growing Islamic influences over time.

The Brigade first emerged in a 16 July statement in which it claimed that U.S. forces were sustaining higher casualties than were being reported.[8] Since then, it resurfaced periodically, including in graffiti in such insurgent strongholds as Fallujah. This group appears to concentrate on guerilla activity, rather than terrorism, and is sensitive to the opinions of the established Sunni Muslim clergy in Iraq (in contrast to groups such as Jama't al-Tawhid wal-Jihad). High-profile operations include the kidnapping of American citizen Dean Sadek in November 2004 and the bombing of the al-Arabiya television network headquarters in Baghdad in October 2005.[9][10] It has also shot down several American helicopters in the Fallujah region.[8]

Little is known about the group's leadership. On 2 January 2005, the Ministry of Defence (Iraq) reported that Iraqi security forces arrested Hatim al-Zawba'i, whom they identified as a commander of the 1920 Revolution Brigades. In a statement issued on 13 February 2006, the group vowed to "carry on jihad until the liberation and victory or [until they are] martyred.[10]

Organization split

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In March 2007 some of its members broke off from the 1920 Revolution Brigades to form Hamas of Iraq. In a statement issued on 18 March 2007, the 1920 Revolution Brigades stated that it had dissolved into two new brigades, Islamic Conquest and Islamic Jihad. Islamic Conquest became Hamas of Iraq and is the name chosen for its military wing. Islamic Jihad took over the name Twentieth Revolution Brigades, promising to uphold its jihadi inheritance.[11]

Relationships with others

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The 1920 Revolution Brigade has used bombings, kidnappings, and armed attacks against U.S. forces but does not target non-Muslims or Shiites, staying out of the sectarian war. As a result, it has developed a growing rift with The Jihad Base Organization in Mesopotamia, which has used suicide bombings to often target Shiites which they regard as infidels. The 1920 Revolution Brigade turned down an offer to pledge allegiance to an insurgent coalition group, the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI), established by the Jihad Base Organization in Mesopotamia.

On 27 March 2007, the leader of the 1920 Revolution Brigade, Harith Dhahir Khamis al-Dari (nephew of the most prominent Sunni Iraqi cleric, Haith al-Dari) was killed in an ISI ambush. Intermittent gunbattles have taken place between fighters of the 1920 Revolution Brigades and the Islamic State in Iraq, and rumors have circulated of negotiations between members of the group and the Iraqi government and U.S. forces.

Although the group has used bombings, kidnappings, and armed attacks against U.S. forces, on 20 June 2007, The Washington Post reported that, per telephone interview with Lt. Col. Joseph Davidson, executive officer of the 2nd Infantry Division, U.S. forces were now "partnering with Sunni insurgents from the 1920 Revolution Brigades, which includes former members of ousted president Saddam Hussein's disbanded army."[12] The group has since replied that: "We say to … the occupation and to your followers and agents that you made a very big lie" in linking us with the Diyala anti-al-Qaeda campaign.[4] The group maintains that the organization to which the US military spokesman referred had become the "Iraqi Hamas" organization, which consisted of members who left before the Diyala operation and were no longer associated with the 1920 Brigades.[5][6]

In October 2007, The Guardian reported that the 1920 Revolution Brigades would not join an alliance of six other Iraqi insurgent groups. The six groups listed a 14-point political program, including a call for continued action against US forces and a declaration that all laws passed by the Iraq government were null and void. A spokesman for the brigades said it did not join because it did not want to fight with those Sunni tribal groups working with the US against al-Qaeda. The spokesman also denied an Economist report that the 1920 Revolution Brigades was working with Americans, and insisted the group was still attacking Americans.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "US military convoy comes under attack in Iraq - Video - Alghadeer TV". en.alghadeer.tv. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  2. ^ "Kata'ib Hezbollah | Mapping Militant Organizations".
  3. ^ "U.S. rebrands Iraq ex-insurgents". The Washington Post. 25 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  4. ^ a b "Offensives elsewhere, but Baghdad remains deadliest for U.S. troops". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  5. ^ a b "Iraqi Resistance Report for events of Sunday, 26 August 2007". Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  6. ^ a b "1920 Revolution Brigade memo denying involvement in Diyala Operations". Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  7. ^ "US buys 'concerned citizens' in Iraq, but at what price?". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
  8. ^ a b c Raman, B (21 January 2005). "Kidnappings keep Iraq pot boiling". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  9. ^ "Arab TV Airs Tape of U.S. Hostage". Fox News. 1 December 2011.
  10. ^ a b "1920 Revolution Brigades". MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  11. ^ "SITE Institute:Twentieth Revolution Brigades and Hamas of Iraq Individually Claim Downing American Helicopters in Baghdad". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  12. ^ John Ward Anderson; Salih Dehima (20 June 2007). "Offensive Targets Al-Qaeda in Iraq". The Washington Post. Baghdad. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  13. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (12 October 2007). "Sunni insurgents form alliance against US". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
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